Emerging Chemicals and Analytical Methods (2006)

This review summarizes peer-reviewed literature related to analysis, occurrence, and fate of emerging chemical contaminants in the water environment. The review focuses on the following broad categories of emerging contaminants: pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including hormones, surfactants, and plasticizers; and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Although many of the cited articles refer to multiple types of contaminants (particularly hormones and pharmaceuticals), each article is summarized in only one section. Articles pertaining to specific treatment methods, risk assessments, or biological effects are not included in this review, and articles covering disinfection byproducts (DBPs), fluorinated compounds, and organometallics are not reviewed as in past years. Because of the ever-increasing volume and scope of literature pertaining to emerging contaminants, this review should not be considered to be comprehensive; however, a broad range of literature that is relevant to environmental engineers and scientists is summarized. Acronyms that are used in this review for contaminants and analytical methods are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. APE alkylphenol polyethoxylate HBCD hexabromocyclododecane BDE-209 decabromodiphenyl ether NP nonylphenol, or 4-tert-nonylphenol BFR brominated flame retardant NP1EO 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylate BPA bisphenol A, or 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol NP2EO 4-nonylphenol diethoxylate CBZ carbamazepine NPEO or NPnEO nonylphenol polyethoxylate (n=1 to 17) CIP ciprofloxacin NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug CIT citalopram OP 4-tert-octylphenol CTC chlortetracycline OTC oxytetracycline DBP din -butyl phthalate PBDE polybrominated diphenyl ether DEHP bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate PhAC Pharmaceutically active compound DES diethylstilbestrol PPCP pharmaceuticals and personal care products DnOP din -octyl phthalate SDZ sulfadiazine E1 estrone SMX sulfamethazine E2 17-estradiol SMZ sulfamethoxazole E3 estriol SPY sulfapyridine EDC endocrine disrupting compound TBBPA tetrabromobisphenol A EE2 17-ethinylestradiol TC tetracycline General Reviews and Multiple Contaminants Several reviews of developments in environmental analytical chemistry were presented. Developments during 2003 and 2004 were reviewed by Koester and Moulik (2005), summarizing recently developed extraction, separation, and detection methodologies for trace level analysis of environmental contaminants. Analytical methods for some emerging contaminants were summarized. Richardson and Ternes (2005) provide a similar extensive review of emerging contaminants in analysis of water, briefly describing methods from 200 articles published in 2003-2004. The authors note that because of the sheer volume of work in this area, the review was confined to new emerging contaminants and environmental issues driving current research in this area. Overall trends in sample preparation include increased use of new solid phase and micro-extraction techniques, and new in-situ derivatization methods. Liquid chromatography …